Among the contents of the November 2012 issue of Classic Aircraft (a magazine that since Jan. 2013 has been incorporated into its sister magazine Aviation News), an interesting article written by Angus Batey gives an exclusive overview about the birth of the legendary Lockheed’s Skunk Works division.
The father of this facility was Clarence L. “Kelly” Johnson, one of the best aircraft designer in the aviation history.
He created the Skunk Works with the aim to develop some of the most revolutionary military aircraft following a concept: a project would have turned into a great aircraft if only few qualified people had worked on it.
Thanks to this rule the Skunk Works division designed airplanes which represented a giant leap for their times such as the F-104, the U-2, the Blackbird family or the F-117A stealth fighter jet.
In Batey’s article some of the people who contributed to create these classified concepts and former Skunk Works members also explain which are the main differences between the rules followed by Lockheed during the development of the above mentioned aircraft and the rules followed by Lockheed during F-22 and F-35 development: these differences may be among the reasons which led to the problems of the last two US (multirole) fighter jets.
According to Batey, Alan Brown, a British guy who joined Lockheed in 1960 before joining the Skunk Works in 1975 and being involved in the Have Blue and F-117 programs, had “a simple algebraic formula”:
[…] “the time it takes to go from initial design to operational use by the Air Force is directly proportional to the size of the Air Force oversight committee that’s guiding the airplane design. For the F-117, the Air Force team was a colonel and six other experts-the corresponding team on the F-22 was 130. And if you ratio 130 over seven, you’ll get just about the ratio of the time it took from starting the airframes to getting them in service,” Brown explained.
Bob Murphy, who joined the Skunk Works in 1954, managed flight-test on the U-2 and became deputy director of operations, illustrated the troubles faced by the Joint Strike Fighter to Batey.
“Because of bureaucracy”, […] “once you get all these organizations involved-all the different Air Force bases across the country, and every contractor that makes a screw for the airplane-when they have meetings, everybody comes to every meeting, and nothing ever gets settled. It’s crazy! If you’ve got 300 people in a meeting, what the hell do you solve? Nothing,” Murphy stated.
But F-35’s cost overruns and slippage were are also due to the philosophy which brought to the three different F-35 versions, as explained again by Brown:
“In the mid-1960s, there was a proposal by the Secretary of Defense to combine the F-14 and F-15 programs, so we did some analysis”, […] “the Air Force wanted 200 F-15s and the Navy wanted 200 F-14s.
If you designed an airplane for each individual service to do what they wanted, each airplane would weight about 40,000lb, but if you combined them so one airplane could do the job that was needed for each service, the weight suddenly went up to about 70,000lb-and back then it was generally accepted that airplanes cost about a thousand dollars per pound of weight.
The cost savings on producing 400 of one airplane rather than 200 of two was about 10 percent, so it was clearly much more cost-effective to have two separate airplanes doing their own job best.
So how we manage, on the F-35, to suddenly reverse that idea is not clear to me.”
It’s a shame that the experience made on some of the most advanced and adveniristic projects ever made in aviation history did not guide LM and the U.S. Air Force and Navy through the development of the Lightning II.
David Cenciotti has contributed to this article.
Image credit: Lockheed Martin
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The F-35 mess is large part the Marines fault. They had to have the F-35B version with short takeoff. That requirement in itself doomed the entire F35 program. Semper Fi, not.
Sounds very like the management of the TSR2 programme in the UK in the 1960s
When building an aircraft, the simple rule i: “It will do exactly what you design it to do” if you build it to fly, it will fly, if you build it to crash, it will do that well, if you build it to compromise, then that’s all it will do well. The F15 was build for “air soup” (Air Superiority) and it excelled at that. In fact it’s still very good. By slight modifications it was also an very good high speed bomber. But it is not designed to land on a carrier. Could it? sure. if modified, it might even be good at it but at the sacrifice of some of it’s other abilities. The F-14 was designed to be a carrier based interceptor and it does (did) very well at it. But it was a lousy bomber. And in a knife fight (direct, close in, air to air engagement) with an F-15, the eagle would have an advantage (less so the strike eagle bomber). but the strength of the F-14 is the phoenix missile with it’s BVR ability (Beyond Visual Range, FAR exceeding what the AIM-7 Sparrow missile of the F-15). Don’t get me wrong, The Tomcat is a good fighter, but the strict figher version of the F-15 is better at close range. The F-16 is better still.
The F-35 is build of TOO many compromises, it tries to cover too many bases and it suffers from a lack of a specialty. The A-10 has been designated for EOL (End Of Life). It was a one trick pony, Meant for close in ground support. and it was unrivalled. It could loiter on station, carry an insane load and take an insane amount of damage. It protected the pilot VERY well, and it could decimate armour. The F-35 is what washington figures can take it’s role…..NOPE. that politicians and bought generals talking that stupid song.
And let’s face it. The VTOL version of the F-35 is the most rediculously overcomplicated design that dares you to not have a failure. It might be an OK fighter someday……if they pick a role for it and tweak it just for that role. then modify it for alternate abilities. As it stands, it will never truly work out as a perfect choice to satisfy everyone. Accept that there needs to be probably 2 different aircraft and cut the HQ staff down to 1/10.
A whatsis purpose-built for a single task is almost always better than a multi-purpose whatsis. This is why the A-10 should not be retired – unless there’s a purpose-built aircraft dedicated to ground support ready to replace it, nothing else flying will do the job as well.
Well good morning Einstein. No shit… But try to build 5 different jets with special purposes with today’s amount of technology and you’ll have a bondongle of enormous proportions. As far as A-10 is concerned, yes it is the best CAS platform around but even with that in mind 80% of CAS missions in Afghanistan and Iraq was done by high flying B-1/52, F-15/16/18s. Age of PGM has transformed the CAS game. No need for a low flying jet that can be taken out by a shoulder fired missile system.
and here I thought McNamara botched up procurement systems, these recent guys are bigger screw ups by an order of magnitude.