Even if no SR-71 was lost due to hostile actions during the entire Blackbird career, the Mach 3+ capable spyplane faced an adversary that could effectively intercept it: the MiG-31 Foxhound.
The SR-71 impressive mission record was reached thanks to some unique features of its airframe, such as its ability to fly at more than three and a half times the speed of sound at 88,000 feet, its small (for the time) Radar Cross Section (RCS) and its sophisticated electronic countermeasures (ECM).
These flight characteristics made the Blackbird safe against any attempt of interception conducted by enemy fighters or surface-to-air missiles (SAM), during its reconnaissance missions in the Russian skies during the Cold War years.
The only aircraft which possessed the capabilities to shoot down an SR-71 was the F-14 Tomcat, that could use its AIM-54 Phoenix long range missile against the fast black plane.
In fact the Phoenix was developed to shoot down Soviet cruise missiles which flew at an altitude similar to the one reached by the Blackbird. Moreover with a speed between Mach 4 and Mach 5, the AIM-54 was fast enough to cause serious problems to the SR-71.
But, the capabilities featured by the Tomcat and its long range missiles, weren’t matched by any Russian interceptor, and to stop SR-71s’ overflights, the Soviets developed an aircraft which had similar characteristics to those owned by the F-14.
As we have recently explained, the only aircraft that had a speed close to the one of the SR-71 was the MiG-25. But even if it could fly at Mach 3.2, the Foxbat wasn’t able to sustain such speeds long enough to reach the Blackbird.
Another serious problem which affected the Foxbat was the lack of effectiveness of its R-40 missiles (AA-6 Acrid based on NATO designation) against an air-to-air target smaller than a large strategic bomber.
These deficiencies were settled when a more advanced MiG-25 development, the MiG-31, entered in service in the 1980s: the Foxhound was armed with a missile very similar to the US AIM-54 Phoenix, the R-33 (AA-9 Amos as reported by NATO designation).
This weapon was ideal not only for shooting down the American bombers, but also to intercept and destroy fast reconnaissance aircraft, such as the SR-71.
This statement was dramatically confirmed in Paul Crickmore’s book Lockheed Blackbird: Beyond The Secret Missions.
In this book one of the first Foxhound pilots, Captain Mikhail Myagkiy, who had been scrambled with its MiG-31 several times to intercept the US super-fast spy plane, explains how he was able to lock on a Blackbird on Jan. 31, 1986:
“The scheme for intercepting the SR-71 was computed down to the last second, and the MiGs had to launch exactly 16 minutes after the initial alert. (…) They alerted us for an intercept at 11.00. They sounded the alarm with a shrill bell and then confirmed it with a loudspeaker. The appearance of an SR-71 was always accompanied by nervousness. Everyone began to talk in frenzied voices, to scurry about, and react to the situation with excessive emotion.”
Myagkiy and its Weapons System Officer (WSO) were able to achieve a SR-71 lock on at 52,000 feet and at a distance of 120 Km from the target.
The Foxhound climbed at 65,676 feet where the crew had the Blackbird in sight and according to Myagkiy:
“Had the spy plane violated Soviet airspace, a live missile launch would have been carried out. There was no practically chance the aircraft could avoid an R-33 missile.”
After this interception Blackbirds reportedly began to fly their reconnaissance missions from outside the borders of the Soviet Union.
But the MiG-31s intercepted the SR-71 at least another time.
On Sept. 3, 2012 an article written by Rakesh Krishman Simha for Indrus.in explains how the Foxhound was able to stop Blackbirds spy missions over Soviet Union on Jun. 3, 1986.
That day, no less than six MiG-31s “intercepted” an SR-71 over the Barents Sea by performing a coordinated interception that subjected the Blackbird to a possible all angle air-to-air missiles attack.
Apparently, after this interception, no SR-71 flew a reconnaissance missions over the Soviet Union and few years later the Blackbird was retired to be replaced with the satellites.
Even if claiming that the MiG-31 was one of the causes of the SR-71 retirement is a bit far fetched, it is safe to say that towards the end of the career of the legendary spyplane, Russians proved to have developed tactics that could put the Blackbird at risk.
The Mig-31 is still in service, but the SR-71 successor, dubbed SR-72 and capable to reach Mach 6, should be quite safe at hypersonic speed.
David Cenciotti contributed to this post.
Image credit: Russian Air Force / MiG-31 Facebook page
What “support-asset activity” are you talking about? SR-71 launched from one of three bases around the world, refueled in flight and flew alone in to their target zone at hight speed. There’s no “tell” that an SR-71 will be targeting you until it’s already 200 miles past you.
The U-2 requires a lot of support and logistics as it lacks in-flight refueling capability so to launch in to a target zone you have to have a base less than ½ the distance from the target zone as the range of the U-2.
bogus..
Refusal to accept reality. How does an educated man not know this? This is why we disrespect your country as a swamp of mis/disinformation.
Knowing that the SR-71 was preparing to take off would have been of little benefit to someone trying to intercept. Unless they knew to the second when the SR-71 was taking off, and within a few tens of miles where it was headed, and with in a few 10s or hundreds of knots what speed it was going to be flying, and how long and where it was going to hit it’s tanker, the entire mission plan, the preparation of the SR-71 for flight was next to meaningless info. The SR-71 cruised at 30+ miles per minute, so even a minute or two miscalculation on the part of the soviets from SR-71 prep time to take off to the exact destination, would result in no intercept.
A much more viable threat to the SR-71 would be long range SAMs. If the Soviets had the ability to intercept ICBMs, questionable with conventional warheads (non-nuclear interceptor warhead) then they certainly could have taken down an SR-71. But as someone else said, the SR-71 stopped flying over the USSR before either the Mig-31 or Mig-25 were deployed. And the SR-71 has little benefit over satellites anyway since it cannot fly under clouds (it flies so high that any cloads were always below it). Maybe there was some slight advantage to the SR-s ability to show up without lots of warning. Since satellites have very little ability to maneuver their overflight times are known well in advance whereas an SR-71 might only give 15 minutes warning, maybe not enough to hide something.
Have you heard of radars or spotters? Also, the mig top speed was only slightly inferior, therefore intercepting was possible even without exact timing. Do the math…
Swedish Viggens have had multiple intercepts of the SR-71. The MiG-31 certainly is capable of the same feat. As amazing at the SR-71 was, I think people have the tendency to overestimate
its true capabilities- sometimes to absurd levels.